์์ฑ์
in"์ ํ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒ์ญ์ "์"์
๋๋ค.
1. ํ์ฌ (Parts of Speech)
ํ์ฌ | ์ค๋ช
|
---|
๋ช
์ฌ (Noun) | ์ฌ๋, ์ฌ๋ฌผ, ์ฅ์, ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ํ๋. ex) book, Korea |
๋๋ช
์ฌ (Pronoun) | ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํจ. ex) he, it, those |
๋์ฌ (Verb) | ๋์์ด๋ ์ํ ํํ. be๋์ฌ/์กฐ๋์ฌ ํฌํจ |
ํ์ฉ์ฌ (Adjective) | ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํจ. ex) good, tall |
๋ถ์ฌ (Adverb) | ๋์ฌ/ํ์ฉ์ฌ/๋ถ์ฌ ์์. ex) very, quickly |
์ ์น์ฌ (Preposition) | ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ. ex) in, on, at |
์ ์์ฌ (Conjunction) | ๋ฌธ์ฅ/๊ตฌ/์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ. ex) and, but, because |
๊ฐํ์ฌ (Interjection) | ๊ฐ์ ํํ. ex) Wow!, Oh no! |
2. ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ
โ
5ํ์
- S + V
- S + V + O
- S + V + C
- S + V + IO + DO
- S + V + O + C
โ
๋ฌธ์ฅ ํํ
- ๋จ๋ฌธ / ๋ณต๋ฌธ / ๋ณตํฉ๋ฌธ / ํผํฉ๋ฌธ
- ํ์๋ฌธ / ์๋ฌธ๋ฌธ / ๋ช
๋ น๋ฌธ / ๊ฐํ๋ฌธ
3. ์์ (Tense)
์์ | ์์ |
---|
ํ์ฌ | I eat. |
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ | I ate. |
๋ฏธ๋ | I will eat. |
ํ์ฌ์งํ | I am eating. |
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์งํ | I was eating. |
ํ์ฌ์๋ฃ | I have eaten. |
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ | I had eaten. |
๋ฏธ๋์๋ฃ | I will have eaten. |
โ ์ด 12์์ : ๋จ์, ์งํ, ์๋ฃ, ์๋ฃ์งํ ร ํ์ฌ/๊ณผ๊ฑฐ/๋ฏธ๋
4. ์กฐ๋์ฌ (Modal Verbs)
์กฐ๋์ฌ | ์๋ฏธ | ์๋ฌธ |
---|
can / could | ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ | She can swim. |
may / might | ํ๋ฝ, ์ฝํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ | You may leave. |
must | ์๋ฌด, ๊ฐํ ์ถ์ธก | You must stop. |
shall / should | ์ ์, ์กฐ์ธ | You should try. |
will / would | ๋ฏธ๋, ๊ฐ์ | I would help. |
- ๋ค์๋ ๋์ฌ ์ํ
- ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ/๊ฐ์ ํํ ์ ์กฐํฉ ์ฌ์ฉ: should have p.p., would have p.p.
5. ์๋ํ (Passive Voice)
- be + p.p.
- ๋ฅ๋: She wrote a book.
- ์๋: A book was written.
์์ | ์๋ํ ํํ |
---|
ํ์ฌ | is/are + p.p. |
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ | was/were + p.p. |
ํ์ฌ์๋ฃ | has/have been + p.p. |
์งํ | is/was being + p.p. |
์กฐ๋์ฌ | must be + p.p. |
6. ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ (Conditionals)
์ข
๋ฅ | ํ์ | ์๋ฏธ |
---|
0ํ | If + ํ์ฌ, ํ์ฌ | ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ค |
1ํ | If + ํ์ฌ, will + ๋์ฌ์ํ | ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ |
2ํ | If + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, would + ๋์ฌ์ํ | ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ |
3ํ | If + had p.p., would have p.p. | ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ๋ |
ํผํฉํ | If + had p.p., would + ๋์ฌ์ํ | ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์์ธ โ ํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ |
- I wish / as if / were ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ ์ฃผ์
7. ๊ด๊ณ์ฌ (Relative Pronouns)
๊ด๊ณ์ฌ | ์ ํ์ฌ | ์ญํ | ์์ |
---|
who | ์ฌ๋ | ์ฃผ์ด | The man who came… |
whom | ์ฌ๋ | ๋ชฉ์ ์ด | The woman whom I saw… |
which | ์ฌ๋ฌผ | ์ฃผ/๋ชฉ | The book which I read… |
that | ์ฌ๋/์ฌ๋ฌผ | ์ฃผ/๋ชฉ | The car that he drives… |
whose | ์ฌ๋/์ฌ๋ฌผ | ์์ | The girl whose bag… |
- ๋ชฉ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์ข
์ข
์๋ต ๊ฐ๋ฅ
- ๊ด๊ณ๋ถ์ฌ: where, when, why
8. ๋น๊ต (Comparison)
์๊ธ: as ~ as
๋น๊ต๊ธ: ~er / more ~
- She is taller than I am.
- much/even/still + ๋น๊ต๊ธ
์ต์๊ธ: the ~est / the most ~
๋ถ๊ท์น ๋ณํ
- good โ better โ best
- bad โ worse โ worst
9. ๋ถ์ ํํ (Negation)
- ๊ธฐ๋ณธ: not, never, no, nothing, nobody
- ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ํผํ๊ธฐ: โ I don’t know nothing โ โ
I don’t know anything
- ๊ฐ์กฐ ํํ:
- not at all / not always / by no means / under no circumstances
- ๋์น ๋ฐ์: Never have I seen…
10. ํน์ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ
โ ๋์น
- Never have I seen such a view.
- Only after / Seldom / Hardly / Under no circumstances
โ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ
- It is/was ~ that…
- What ~ is …
โ ๋ณ์น
- I like reading, writing, and drawing.
โ ๋ถ์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ
- Walking down the street, I saw him.
- Having finished the work, she left.
โ to๋ถ์ ์ฌ vs ๋๋ช
์ฌ
- want to do / enjoy doing
- remember to do โ remember doing
๋ต๊ธ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ